Ubuntu is a Linux-based operating system. It is designed for computers, smartphones, and network servers. The system is developed by a UK based company called Canonical Ltd. All the principles used to develop the Ubuntu software are based on the principles of Open Source software development.

Release Cycle of Ubuntu

Every year there are 2 releases of Ubuntu, one in April and one in October, from Canonical. The version number normally denotes the year in which the software was released. For example, version 14.04 specifies that it was released in the year 2014 and in the month of April. Similarly, the version 16.04 specifies that it was released in the year 2016 and in the month of April. The April build every year is the more stable build, while the October build does a lot of experimentation on new features.Ubuntu comes in a variety of flavors. In this chapter, we will discuss briefly about some of the popular flavors of Ubuntu.

Ubuntu Desktop

This is the operating system which can be used by regular users. This comes pre-built with software that help the users perform usual basic activities. Operations such as browsing, email and multimedia are also available in this edition. The latest version as of September 2016 is 16.04.01.

Ubuntu Server

The server version is used for hosting applications such as web servers and databases. Each server version is supported by Ubuntu for 5 years. These operating systems have support for cloud platforms such as AWS and Azure. The latest version as of September 2016 is 16.04.1.

Kubuntu

The normal Ubuntu interface is based on a software called Unity. However, Kubuntu is based on a software called KDE Plasma desktop. This gives a different look and feel to the Ubuntu software.

Ubuntu is one of the most popular desktop Linux operating systems. The term Ubuntu derives from South Africa and roughly translates to “humanity toward others,” a nod to the Ubuntu project’s commitment to the principles of open-source software development. It is free to install and free to modify, although donations to the project are welcome.

About Ubuntu

Ubuntu first burst onto the scene in 2004 and quickly shot to the top of the Distrowatch rankings, mostly because it’s so easy to install and use.The default desktop environment within Ubuntu is GNOME, a very modern desktop environment with a powerful search tool for finding all of your applications and documents. It integrates well with common applications such as audio players, video players, and social media.

Other desktop environments are available within the package manager, including Cinnamon, LXDE, XFCE, KDE, and MATE. In addition, specific versions of Ubuntu are designed to work and integrate well with these desktop environments, such as Lubuntu, Xubuntu, Kubuntu, and Ubuntu MATE.

The large company Canonical employs the core Ubuntu developers, who earn money in various ways that include providing support services.

How to Get Ubuntu

You can download Ubuntu completely free of charge. For desktop computers, there are always two versions of Ubuntu available, a long-term support(LTS) release that stays supported for five years and a regular release that arrives every six months and is only supported for around nine months.

The LTS version of Ubuntu is better for people who don’t like to upgrade their operating systems regularly. On LTS systems, everything stays the same as long as possible, only receiving updates for security and bug fixes. You can still download older LTS versions from the alternative downloads page if that’s your preference.

Then, there’s the regular Ubuntu release. It provides more up-to-date software and a more recently developed Linux kernel, which means you get better hardware support. Not only that, you’ll get the latest versions of the applications you use every day. Because the regular release refreshes so quickly, you’ll almost always have the newest version of your favourite program.

How to Install Ubuntu

How to Navigate the Ubuntu Desktop

A quick glance at the Ubuntu desktop shows a panel at the top of the screen and a quick launch bar down the left side.

Ubuntu offers many keyboard shortcuts that save you time and effort, so they’re worth learning. You can display a list of them by pressing Super key+Esc. The key itself varies with the type of computer you have:

• On a Windows keyboard, the Super key is denoted by the Windows logo and sits next to the left ALT key.
• On a Mac keyboard, look for the Command key.
• On a Chromebook, the Super key has a magnifying glass logo on it.

The other way to navigate Ubuntu is using the mouse. Each of the icons on the launch bar points at an application such as the file manager, web browser, office suite, and software center.

The best way to approach the Ubuntu desktop is to not think too much about it. The layout is different from both Windows and MacOS, despite the similar appearance to the current Mac design. That said, everything is designed to be as intuitive as possible for navigation with a mouse or even a touch screen.

Like on mobile devices, use the Applications icon in he lower left corner of the desktop to bring up a list of your installed apps. Select the icon of the app you want to open. The next section will give you a more detailed overview of the tool you just opened.

Like anything, using the Ubuntu desktop is the best way to familiarize yourself. Experiment. The chance of you breaking something is very, very slim. Once you dive in and see what everything does, you’ll realize just how simple it all is.

The Ubuntu GNOME Shell

The GNOME Shell is actually the entire graphical display belonging to the GNOME desktop environment, but this section will specifically cover the GNOME overview screens, both the activities one and the applications. These are the closest equivalent to the old Ubuntu Unity Dash, and they’re also the method you’ll use to find your applications and keep your running windows organized.

Start by pressing Activities in the top left corner of your Ubuntu desktop. When you do, your screen will darken and display a new set of controls. At the middle of your screen, your open windows will be arranged in a convenient way to see what’s running, select what you want, or close something you’re done with. To the right, you can switch workspaces. With Ubuntu, and Linux in general, you have multiple virtual desktops that you can switch between at any time, giving you tons more screen space. Finally, at the top, you’ll find a search that looks through your applications, files, and apps available for download.

Launch the GNOME Applications Overview by selecting the Applications icon at the bottom left of your screen. This should look similar to the previous overview screen. This time, though, there will be a listing of all your applications in icon form. It’s apparent that the design draws more than a little inspiration from mobile devices, and that’s alright. It’s something familiar to nearly everyone. The same search option as before appears at the top of the screen, and at the bottom, you can switch between all of your apps and the ones you most commonly use.

Connecting to the Internet

You can connect to the internet by pressing the network icon on the top panel. This brings up a list of wireless networks. Select the network to which you wish to connect, and enter its security key. If you are connected to a router using an ethernet cable, you will be connected to the internet automatically. You can browse the web using Firefox (the default browser that ships with Ubuntu) or whatever browser you prefer.

How to Keep Ubuntu up to Date

Ubuntu will notify you when updates are available for installation. You can tweak the settings so that the updates work the way you want them to. Unlike the process that Windows uses, you have full control as to when the updates are applied so you won’t suddenly turn on your computer to find update 1 of 465 installing.

You can also manually update your system by running the graphical Software Updater application. If you prefer the command line, which is always an option on Ubuntu, open a terminal window and run the command below to update your system.

sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y

How to Browse the Web With Ubuntu

Launch Firefox by selecting its icon on the launcher or by bringing up the Applications Overview and searching for Firefox. If you prefer, you can install Google Chrome by downloading it from Google’s website.

How to Set up the Thunderbird Email Client

The default email client for Ubuntu is Thunderbird. It has most of the features you’re accustomed to with a home desktop operating system. You can set up Gmail to work with Thunderbird easily. To run Thunderbird, either press the Super key and search for it using the Dash, or press ALT + F2 and type Thunderbird.

How to Create Documents, Spreadsheets, and Presentations

The default office suite for Ubuntu is LibreOffice. LibreOffice is pretty much the standard when it comes to Linux-based office software. Icons reside in the quick launch bar for the word processing, spreadsheet and presentation packages. For everything else, the product itself offers a help guide.

How to Manage Photos or View Images

Ubuntu has a number of packages for managing photos and viewing and editing images. For example:

• Shotwell is a dedicated photo manager. This guide by OMGUbuntu has a very good overview of its features.
• A more basic image viewer, Eye Of Gnome, allows you to view photos within a particular folder, zoom in and out, and rotate them.
• Finally, the LibreOffice draw package is part of the full office suite.

You can launch each of these programs via the Dash by searching for them.

How To Listen To Music Within Ubuntu

The default audio package for Ubuntu is called Rhythmbox. It provides all of the features you would expect of an audio player: the ability to import music from various folders, create and edit playlists, connect with external media devices, and listen to online radio stations. You also can set up Rhythmbox as a Digital Audio Access Protocol (DAAP) server, which allows you to play music on your computer from your phone and other devices.

To run Rhythmbox, press ALT + F2 and type Rhythmbox or search for it.

How to Watch Videos in Ubuntu

GNOME Videos is the default movie player for Ubuntu. It’s a great basic option, but you also have fantastic video players like VLC and Kodi available on Ubuntu. Both of them can be found in GNOME Software, or you can install them via the command line.

If you’re looking for a good all-around video player on Ubuntu, VLC is the recommended option.

Get Audio and Video Codecs and Watch Flash Video Using Ubuntu

By default, additional codecs required to play some audio and video formats and watch Flash video aren’t installed with Ubuntu for licensing reasons; however, you are able to install the items you need quite easily.

How to Install Software Using Ubuntu

The main graphical tool to use when installing the software in Ubuntu is Ubuntu Software. It is fairly clunky, but it is by and large functional. One of the first tools you should install via Ubuntu Software is Synaptic, which provides a much more powerful base for installing other software.

Linux software is available from repositories — basically, servers that hold software that can be installed for a particular distribution. A repository can be stored on one or more servers known as mirrors. Each item of software within a repository is called a package. There are many different package formats, but Ubuntu uses the Debian package format. You’ll likely find most of the things you need via the default repositories, but you can add and enable some extra repositories to acquire additional software.

Using graphical packages such as the Ubuntu Software and Synaptic aren’t the only ways to install software using Ubuntu. You also can install packages via the command line using apt-get. While the command line may seem daunting, you will come to appreciate the power of apt-get after using it for just a bit.

How to Customize Ubuntu

The GNOME Desktop isn’t as customizable as many other Linux desktop environments, but you can do basic things such as changing the wallpaper and choosing whether the menus appear as part of the application or in the top panel. There are also tons of GNOME extensions and themes out there to help make your desktop your own. We’ve put together a guide that tells you everything you need to know about customizing the Ubuntu desktop.

Other Major Software Packages

There are some widely used packages that you probably will want to use. For example:

• Skype: Skype is now owned by Microsoft, so it’s understandable if you were thinking it wouldn’t work with Linux.
• Dropbox: Dropbox is an online file storage facility, which you can use as an online backup or as a collaborative tool for sharing files among colleagues or friends. You can install Dropbox in Ubuntu.
• Steam: Steam is a popular platform for multiplayer gaming, video streaming, and social networking. Either install Synaptic and search for it from there or follow the apt-get tutorial and install Steam via apt-get. The package will require a 250MB update, but once this is installed, Steam will work perfectly in Ubuntu.
• Minecraft: Microsoft also bought Minecraft, a popular video game. You can now install Minecraft using Ubuntu.
• Wine and Lutris: Wine is not an emulator. That’s what the name stands for, but it sure acts like one. If you want to play your Windows games on Ubuntu, you’re going to need Wine. Lutris is a game organizer/installer that makes getting your games running with Wine nearly as simple as installing them on Windows.
• NVIDIA Drivers: Graphics drivers work a little differently on Linux. If you have a card from NVIDIA, you’re going to want the latest drivers. There’s an excellent PPA repository to help get you what you need for you graphics card.
• Spotify: Streaming music on Ubuntu is easy too. You’re absolutely free to stream from Spotify in your browser or even integrate it with one of the media players that support it, but you also have the option of installing the official Spotify client on your Ubuntu PC

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 Ubuntu is the most popular operating system running in hosted environments, so–called “clouds”, as it is the most popular server Linux distribution.
Ubuntu is built on Debian’s architecture and infrastructure, to provide Linux server, desktop, phone, tablet and TV operating systems
Ubuntu’s goal is to be secure “out-of-the box”. By default, the user’s programs run with low privileges and cannot corrupt the operating system or other users’ files.
For increased security, the sudo tool is used to assign temporary privileges for performing administrative tasks, which allows the root account to remain locked and helps prevent inexperienced users from inadvertently making catastrophic system changes or opening security holes.

Ubuntu is owned by Ubuntu(https://www.ubuntu.com/) and they own all related trademarks and IP rights for this software.

Ubuntu Features

Ubuntu is Completely free to use. means any one can use Ubuntu, for any type of purpose. you can customize you Ubuntu as you want. Ubuntu is the most popular operating system running in hosted environments, so-called clouds. as it is the most popular server Linux distribution.Ubuntu Is Completely Open Source Projects that can run on clouds, servers, desktops, smartphones, tablets, IoT(Internet of things) and much more.Ubuntu defaults installation contains many types of software pre-installed like

·         Web Browser (Firefox),

·         LibreOffice (Office Suite),

·         Thunderbird,

·         PDF Reader,

·         and many other software.

but if you want more types of software, then Ubuntu also contains a wide range of software that can install from Ubuntu Software Center Easily.

 Some Important features of Ubuntu

·         Pre-installed Office Softwares

·         Best Internet Experience

·         Good looks

·         Simplicity

·         Reliability

·         Stability

·         Works Fast

·         Very Secure

·         Completely Free To Use

·         Live Mode Supported

·         Available For Almost all type of hardware

·         Ubuntu Offers Thousand of app. free to use

·         Available in many languages.

·         Available in many flavors

·         Large Community Support

·     More features of Ubuntu

• Hardware autoconfiguration – Ubuntu comes with the drivers for most hardware built-in. Anyone who’s installed a generic version of Windows (i.e., not one pre-configured by a PC vendor to work with certain hardware) knows how nice it is not to have to spend hours hunting around for drivers after installing the operating system.
• Multiple desktops – virtual desktops are like tabbed web browsing–you don’t realize how extraordinarily useful they are until you try them. There are some third-party tools to achieve the same functionality in Windows, but in my experience few of them work well, if at all, in Vista and above.
• Software repositories – being able to install thousands of applications from Ubuntu’s repositories in a few clicks is a huge plus. Besides the fact that the software is free and more secure than .exe packages downloaded from random websites, it’s much more convenient to install programs from a centralized location.
• ssh client – this probably only matters to geeks, but having an ssh client built into the operating system is a major plus for me. There are some decent ssh clients available for Windows, like Putty, but none are available in Windows out-of-the-box, and even the best of them isn’t as functional as the trusty gnome-terminal.
• No antivirus – security practices in the Windows world are profoundly contradictory. Many of the same companies that write Windows software also make millions of dollars selling resource-hogging applications to protect Windows applications from their security flaws. Ubuntu is by no means immune to malware, but practically speaking, it’s as secure as it needs to be for most users out-of-the-box, without any expensive antivirus scanners added on.

More Features:

Security analyst

It is used to maintain high security level as it checks the status of each website by filtering it and checking its address from where it has sent to the receiver and also checking the protocols through which the request has been received. The checking of the authorization and rights being given to the client side is also checked before providing resources to it.Moreover, the user is also concern with the IP address of the client by tracing its IP address in some cases where more security is desirable.

Content modeIt is the module whose work is to check the content client has requested and sends it in such a way that I will have a proper frame rate and processing path such that same sought odd at is send to the client which the client has requested from the server.

Error free moduleThe work of this module is to check the hypertext transfer protocol which is meant for the communication between the two or more users. It also ensures that the data should be in the same form as requested by the client and should be error free and in proper sequential order and timer is also used for this purpose if the timer finish, it will show the error message “time out”.

Compression data formatThe task of this format is to send the data in the speedy way by reducing the size of the data such that it is easily transmitted on the transmission channels and receiver can get it in a lesser time and also to de compress the data the client has to install the software that perform the work of the de compressing.

Diagnostic toolThe main work of this tool is to check whether there is a problem in the module or not, if there then help the server to know the location of the fault and provide suitable troubleshoot tips to remove that fault and also checks whether client is receiving the data for not and try to troubleshoot the problem is possible. But in the network, it is difficult to remove the fault within one day, as it takes a lot of time.

Caching task It is used to store the required information of particulate website visited by the client and in case a problem occurs then the server with the help of cache image provide the webpage to the client but this webpage is no more working and also contains no images and animations.

FTP service It is used for the file transfer protocol according to which server can transfer the files for the client on the request made by the client and all this process take place under the action of the client server technology and with the help of the transport layer which act as a interface between the users.

Traffic control Traffic on the server is always so high .So, to protect the user from resource conflict and also to provide the circumstances of deadlock, the user is initializing the traffic control algorithm on the server side to control the traffic and reduce the delay in providing the resources to the users.

Management toolThe synchronisation and the timing signals is used by the server to maintain appropriate timing for the communication, as some times you can see that the sessions are maintained between the users remotely with the fixed period of the time and all the server itself is responsible for the control and co-ordination signals.

Database and dynamic tool The work of it is to provide the well-defined and the integration of sorted data items such that it provides an easy access to the client and maintains the data of following item in an represent able format and also uses the changes stuff on the website.—

Major Features Of Ubuntu 18.04 LTS

• • Local menus make a comeback: For previous few versions, menus were available in the global top panel in Ubuntu Unity. Global menus are still enabled by default but now you have the choice to choose between global menu and local menu.

• • Minimize on click:  In Ubuntu 18.04 now user can minimize the window by clicking on on a program in Unity launcher. Just to add, it won’t work when multiple windows of the same applications are opened.

• • Even tinier Unity launcher icons : Unity launcher can now be even more slim. The default launcher icon size remains the same in Ubuntu 18.04 but here you can reduced the size of the icons to 16px.

• • Live window resizing is now default : In Ubuntu 18.04, the live resizing of windows is enabled by default.

• Keyboard filtering for Unity Spread: In Ubuntu 18.04, when you have triggered Unity Spread and you start typing something, it will bring the application window(s) in the front whose name/title matches with what you type.

Installation Instructions For Ubuntu

Note: How to find PublicDNS in AWS

Step 1) SSH Connection: To connect to the deployed instance, Please follow Instructions to Connect to Ubuntu instance on AWS Cloud

1) Download Putty.

2) Connect to the virtual machine using SSH key Refer this link:

• Hostname: PublicDNS  / IP of machine
• Port : 22

Step 2) Allow port 3389 in the inbound rules of this instance – Please set the allowed IP list to your known IP range.

Step 3) After connecting to ssh session set a password and allow password authentication in ssh

Example:

sudo vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config

#Change the setting in /etc/ssh/sshd_config to PasswordAuthentication yes

service ssh restart
passwd
Enter new UNIX password:
Retype new UNIX password:
passwd: password updated successfully

Now open a RDP connection and use this username and password to connect

On successful connection you shall see the LXDE desktop

Step 4) Other Information:

1.Default ports:

• Linux Machines:  SSH Port – 22

2. To access the Desktop environment please open the port 3389 and set the password for any user .

Configure custom inbound and outbound rules using this link

Installation Instructions For Ubuntu

Note: How to find PublicDNS in Azure

Step 1) SSH Connection: To connect to the deployed instance, Please follow Instructions to Connect to Ubuntu instance on Azure Cloud

1) Download Putty.

2) Connect to the virtual machine using following SSH credentials:

• Hostname: PublicDNS  / IP of machine
• Port : 22

Username: Your chosen username when you created the machine ( For example:  Azureuser)

Password: Your Chosen Password when you created the machine ( How to reset the password if you do not remember)

Step 2) Allow port 3389 in the inbound rules of this instance – Please set the allowed IP list to your known IP range.

Step 3) After connecting to ssh session set a password and allow password authentication in ssh

Example:

sudo vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config

#Change the setting in /etc/ssh/sshd_config to PasswordAuthentication yes

service ssh restart
passwd
Enter new UNIX password:
Retype new UNIX password:
passwd: password updated successfully

Now open a RDP connection and use this username and password to connect

On successful connection you shall see the LXDE desktop

Step 4) Other Information:

1.Default ports:

• Linux Machines:  SSH Port – 22

2. To access the Desktop environment please open the port 3389 and set the password for any user .

Installation Instructions For Ubuntu

Installation Instructions For Ubuntu

Step 1) SSH Connection: To connect to the deployed instance, Please follow Instructions to Connect to Ubuntu instance on Google Cloud

1) Download Putty.

2) Connect to the virtual machine using SSH key

• Hostname: PublicDNS  / IP of machine
• Port : 22

2) Connect to the virtual machine using SSH key Refer this link:

• Hostname: PublicDNS  / IP of machine
• Port : 22

Step 2) Allow port 3389 in the inbound rules of this instance – Please set the allowed IP list to your known IP range.

Step 3) After connecting to ssh session set a password and allow password authentication in ssh

Example:

sudo vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config

#Change the  setting in /etc/ssh/sshd_config to PasswordAuthentication yes

service ssh restart
passwd
Enter new UNIX password:
Retype new UNIX password:
passwd: password updated successfully

Now open a RDP connection and use this username and password to connect

On successful connection you shall see the LXDE desktop

Step 4) Other Information:

1.Default ports:

• Linux Machines:  SSH Port – 22

2. To access the Desktop environment please open the port 3389 and set the password for any user .

Ubuntu Installation